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| c. 475 |
| | | The Syrian desert is full of hermits living on pillars, following the example of St Simeon Stylites | |
|  | Pillar of Simeon the Stylite
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| 634 |
| | | Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 750 |
| | | The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate | |
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| 1142 |
| | | The great castle of Krak des Chevaliers is built in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by the Knights of St John | |
|  | Krak des Chevaliers
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| 1144 |
| | | The city of Edessa is captured by Zangi, a Mameluke general, in the first setback for the crusaders in the Middle East | |
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| 1154 |
| | | The inhabitants of Damascus surrender their city to Nur ed-Din, helping him greatly in his campaign against the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | | The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands | |
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| 1799 |
| | | Napoleon leads a costly, unsuccessful and plague-ridden expedition against the Turkish garrisons in Syria | |
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